A centrifugal pump is very versatile, and can be used for agriculture, industrial, and many other applications. Their main job is to transport liquid from one place to another. 
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Some centrifugal water pumps have solids handling capabilities, which means they can move liquids that have solids in them (up to a certain extent), as well as chemicals, making these pumps very popular. Centrifugal pumps are classified as kinetic pumps, and the way centrifugal pumps move a substance is through kinetic energy (motion). This is done through a part called the impeller, which is a large, usually metal rotor, that spins very quickly, much like the impeller on a motor boat. 

The basic parts of a centrifugal water pump:
Pump Body/Casing
The pump body, or casing, is the external case of a water pump. It’s what houses the impeller, the volute, and all the other internal parts. The pump body is most commonly made of cast iron, due to more economical manufacturing costs, but can also be made of stainless steel, bronze, plastic or other materials. Its main purpose is to house all the internal working parts of the pump. It’s like the case of a computer, in that it keeps all the parts in, and helps protect them.

Volute
A water pump volute is a kind of curved funnel leading to the discharge port that widens out the farther it goes. It is a casing around the impeller that the liquid comes into contact with as it enters the pump.  As the water enters the volute, the volute helps decrease the speed/flow of the water or liquid, while increasing the pressure, which helps to balance the pressure on the impeller shaft. The volute can be made of either cast iron, steel, plastic, or bronze.
Some centrifugal pumps incorporate the pump body and volute as one piece, thus the pump body/casing also functions as the volute.

Impeller
The impeller can be made of a variety of materials. The most common are cast iron, bronze, brass, stainless steel and plastic. Bronze and stainless steel are mostly used for ocean water, while temperature resistant steel can be used for hot or cold water. Plastic is most commonly used for chemicals and other caustic and corrosive liquids.
The liquid comes in through the suction port (inlet), which then pushes it towards the pump impeller. As the impeller spins very quickly, it forces the liquid out of the discharge port (outlet). It works much like a vacuum cleaner, in that the energy from the impeller sucks the liquid in, spins it around, and pushes it back out the discharge port at a high rate of speed.

Power
A centrifugal pump can be powered from a variety of power sources. Most commonly, they are powered by an electric motor, a gas or diesel-powered engine, or a hydraulic motor, all which power the pump by driving the shaft that spins the impeller.

Pump Shaft
Another important part of a centrifugal pump is the pump shaft, which is what the impeller is mounted to. The pump shaft connects to the motor or engine, which then powers the impeller and makes it spin. An important part of the shaft is the shaft sleeve, often made of cast iron, stainless steel or bronze which helps to better fit the impeller onto the shaft, as well as protecting the shaft from damage and wear and tear.

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Strainers
Pumping water also means that you might be pumping potentially contaminated water. Sewage or flood waters also come with lots of debris and sludgy sentiment that has the ability to clog and deteriorate your water pump. A strainer can prevent those mishaps. By investing in an add-on strainer, you can be confident that any contaminants will be caught before entering the inner mechanisms of your water pump. Depending on what size of solids you’re dealing with, you’ll want to be sure you’re choosing the appropriate size of holes for your strainer.

Hose Kits
You already know you need one hose when working with your water pump, no matter what the application. There are some applications which will require the use of more than one hose. If your task requires you to transfer water from point A to point B, you’ll want to look into purchasing a hose kit so you have the appropriate length hose for your job. Hose kits are essential for any trash-pumping tasks.

Discharge Hose
A discharge hose may or may not be included in your hose kit, as discussed above. The discharge hose is specifically designed to help draw water away from a flooded area, and towards the newly designated location. If you live in a flood-heavy area, like the Midwest, a discharge hose is a must have for your water pump preparedness kit.

Wheel Kits
Wheel kits are one of the most handy accessories to have stored in your shed or garage. Trying to load and haul a water pump can be an energy and time consuming process, but have no fear! By keeping a wheel kit handy, you can create easy access for your water pump. For less money than a trolley or a truck, a wheel kit easily attaches itself to your water pump so you can wheel the pump right where you need it. Save your energy for the task at hand, not tugging and pulling a heavy machine to your work site.

Nozzles
If you’re concerned about keeping control over the flow of water coming out of your pump, consider a nozzle attachment. Many nozzles are now equipped with a pistol-style grip so you can more easily hold the nozzle while aiming it directly where you need the water to be. A quick fix accessory that makes water pumping tasks even easier!

Coupling
If you’re using multiple hoses for your water pump applications, a coupling or “adapter” will help make your work easier. A coupling allows operators to quickly connect their water pumps while avoiding the time-consuming use of threading, tools, lugs, twisting, springs, and ball bearings. Couplings help you increase the efficiency of your work. Ideal for utility and irrigation contractors, municipalities, and other industrial uses.

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Water system motors that are used in wells, fountains, and aerators are typically filled with a water based solution. In a deep well, you don't generally worry about the motor freezing; however, in fountains or ponds, your water pump must be protected. If you remove the pump entirely, you'll want to store the motor somewhere it won't freeze. 

Another option for winter storage for a pond, fountain, or aerator is to sink or weigh the motor to the bottom of the pond. If you do this, you'll want to be sure to place the motor below the lowest freeze level. 

You do not want to let your surface pumps freeze. In cold weather areas, most everyone knows to drain or winterize an above ground water system. But problem areas do exist – in the normally warmer Southern states, water pump operators might be caught off guard with a sudden cold snap. 

Water expands as it freezes. Without some place to handle the extra volume, the ice will inevitably break in the pump or piping. As cold weather approaches, don't forget to protect your above ground water system, plumbing, and pump equipment from freezing. In year-round-homes, the well pump can often still set idle for long enough that the water may freeze solid. It might be necessary to provide additional heat to prevent freezing in these circumstances. If the temperatures go very low, you can keep a small amount of water running continuously until the temperature comes back up to a safe temperature, as running water is more difficult to freeze.  

When you're dealing with a jet or centrifugal pump that you're not going to use for a few months, draining the system and moving the pump to a warmer location is one of the best solutions. 

To drain the pump, remove the drain plug on top of the pump case, or open a faucet. This allows air into the pump body. Then, take off the drain plug on the bottom of the pump case. This allows the water to flow through and out of the pump body.

Remember, there's also going to be water that's stuck in the suction and discharge pipes. You should blow this excess water out with an air compressor. 

The last step is to protect your pump against any water that might get stuck in the pump casing even after you've drained it. Use propylene glycol (food grade) – never ethylene glycol (or RV antifreeze) as its extremely dangerous. Before you put propylene glycol into the pump body, replace the drain plugs. First insert the bottom drian plug, and pour the propylene glycol into the top port. Then you can reinsert the top drain plug. 

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Commercial buildings use Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems to dehumidify and to cool the building. Modern commercial buildings seek efficient HVAC systems and components as part of broader initiatives centered on building performance and sustainability. Building occupants similarly carry great expectations, that the HVAC system will function as intended to create a comfortable interior environment regardless of the conditions external to the building.

Chillers have become an essential HVAC component of a wide variety of commercial facilities, including hotels, restaurants, hospitals, sporting arenas, industrial and manufacturing plants, etc. The industry has long recognized that chiller systems represent the single largest consumer of electrical usage in most facilities. They can easily consume more than 50% of the total electrical usage during seasonal periods. Chillers can combine to use approximately 20% of the total electric power generated. Moreover, estimates that chillers can expend up to 30% in additional energy usage due to various operational inefficiencies. These acknowledged inefficiencies cost companies and building facilities billions of dollars annually.

In general, a chiller facilitates the transfer of heat from an internal environment to an external environment. This heat-transfer device relies on the physical state of a refrigerant as it circulates through the chiller system. Certainly, chillers can function as the heart of any central HVAC system.

How Does a Chiller Work?
A chiller works on the principle of vapor compression or vapor absorption. Chillers provide a continuous flow of coolant to the cold side of a process water system at a desired temperature of about 50°F (10°C). The coolant is then pumped through the process, extracting heat out of one area of a facility (e.g., machinery, process equipment, etc.) as it flows back to the return side of the process water system.

A chiller uses a vapor compression mechanical refrigeration system that connects to the process water system through a device called an evaporator. Refrigerant circulates through an evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device of a chiller. A thermodynamic process occurs in each of above components of a chiller. The evaporator functions as a heat exchanger such that heat captured by the process coolant flow transfers to the refrigerant. As the heat-transfer takes place, the refrigerant evaporates, changing from a low-pressure liquid into vapor, while the temperature of the process coolant reduces.​

The refrigerant then flows to a compressor, which performs multiple functions. First, it removes refrigerant from the evaporator and ensures that the pressure in the evaporator remains low enough to absorb heat at the correct rate. Second, it raises the pressure in outgoing refrigerant vapor to ensure that its temperature remains high enough to release heat when it reaches the condenser. The refrigerant returns to a liquid state at the condenser. The latent heat given up as the refrigerant changes from vapor to liquid is carried away from the environment by a cooling medium (air or water).

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